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Most populations are basically sedentary but undergo irruptive movements when birds disperse to other reedbeds. Some may return in spring to original site others form the basis of a new colony. Winter range is similar to but usually rather more extensive than breeding range.
Vagrants recorded in Morocco, Algeria and Syria.
Subspecies Nominate biarmicus is found over most of Europe and the very similar but slightly paler russicus occurs from Austria to southern Russia and Turkey. The darker and more rufous kosswigi from Amik Golu in southern Turkey is probably now extinct.
Habitat The main habitat is large reedbeds on fresh or brackish water, sometimes with scattered trees and bushes.